PWRIonline.com
Jakarta – Pemerintah RepubIik Indonesia, pada tanggal 18 Maret 2019, memenangkan perkara gugatan “Churchill Mining Plc dan Planet Mining Pty Ltd. (“Para Penggugat”) melawan Republik Indonesia” di forum arbitrase International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) di Washington D.C. Amerika Serikat.
Dalam perkara No. ARB/12/14 and ARB/12/40, Komite ICSID yang terdiri dari Judge Dominique Hascher, Professor Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel dan Professor Jean Kalicki (Komite ICSID) mengeluarkan putusan yang memenangkan Republik Indonesia dengan menolak semua permohonan annulment of the award yang diajukan oleh Para Penggugat.
Kemenangan yang diperoleh Pemerintah Indonesia, yang dalam hal ini diwakili oleh Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Yasona H. Laoly, Cahyo R. Muzhar dan Tim, dalam forum ICSID ini bersifat final, berkekuatan hukum tetap, sehingga tidak ada lagi upaya hukum lain yang dapat dilakukan oleh Para Penggugat.
Kasus ini bermula saat Para Penggugat menuduh Pemerintah Indonesia, dalam hal ini Bupati Kutai Timur, melanggar perjanjian bilateral investasi (BIT) RI-UK dan RI-Australia.
Pelanggaran dimaksud adalah melakukan ekspropriasi tidak langsung (indirect expropriation) dan prinsip perlakuan yang adil dan seimbang (fair and equitable treatment) melalui pencabutan Kuasa Pertambangan/Izin Usaha Pertambangan Eksploitasi (KP/IUP Eksploitasi) anak perusahaan Para Penggugat (empat perusahaan Grup Ridlatama) seluas lebih kurang 350 Km persegi, di Kecamatan Busang oleh Bupati Kutai Timur pada tanggal 4 Mei 2010.
Para Penggugat mengklaim bahwa pelanggaran tersebut telah menimbulkan kerugian terhadap investasinya di Indonesia, dan mengajukan gugatan sebesar USD1.3 Milyar (lebih kurang Rp18 Triliun).
Terhadap gugatan tersebut, pada tanggal 6 Desember 2016, Tribunal yang terdiri dari Professor Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler, Michael Hwang SC, dan Professor Albert Jan van den Berg (“Tribunal ICSID”) menolak semua klaim yang diajukan oleh Para Penggugat terhadap Republik Indonesia.
Tribunal ICSID selanjutnya juga mengabulkan klaim Pemerintah Indonesia untuk mendapatkan penggantian biaya berperkara (award on costs) sebesar USD9,4 Juta.
Dalam jalannya persidangan yang kemudian ditegaskan dalam putusannya, Tribunal ICSID menerima argumen dan bukti-bukti, termasuk keterangan ahli forensik yang diajukan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia dapat membuktikan adanya pemalsuan, yang kemungkinan terbesar menggunakan mesin autopen.
Terdapat 34 dokumen palsu yang diajukan oleh Para Penggugat dalam persidangan (termasuk izin pertambangan untuk tahapan general survey dan eksplorasi) yang seolah-olah merupakan dokumen resmi/asli yang dikeluarkan oleh pelbagai lembaga pemerintahan di Indonesia, baik pusat maupun daerah.
Tribunal ICSID sepakat dengan argumentasi Pemerintah Indonesia bahwa “investasi yang bertentangan dengan hukum tidak pantas mendapatkan perlindungan dalam hukum internasional.”
Tribunal ICSID juga menemukan bahwa “Para Penggugat tidak melakukan kewajibannya untuk memeriksa mitra kerja lokalnya serta mengawasi dengan baik proses perizinannya (lack of diligence).” Sehingga berdasarkan di antaranya, fakta dan pertimbangan sebagaimana telah dikemukakan, Tribunal ICSID menyatakan klaim dari Para Penggugat ditolak.
Pada tanggal 31 Maret 2017, Para Penggugat mengajukan permohonan pembatalan putusan (annulment of the award) berdasarkan Pasal 52 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States(Konvensi ICSID). Argumentasi yang diajukan Para Penggugat adalah sebagai berikut:
Bahwa Tribunal ICSID dianggap telah melangkahi kewenangan (ultra vires);Bahwa telah terjadi suatu penyimpangan yang serius dari aturan prosedur yang mendasar;Bahwa putusan telah gagal menyatakan alasan yang menjadi dasar putusan.
Selain mengajukan pembatalan atas putusan Tribunal ICSID, Para Penggugat juga meminta penghentian sementara pelaksanaan putusan Tribunal ICSID yang akan dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia.
Menanggapi hal tersebut, Pemerintah Indonesia mensyaratkan adanya jaminan yang layak, penuh, dan dapat dieksekusi, dan menolak tawaran jaminan dari Para Penggugat karena bentuk dan nilai jaminan yang tidak masuk akal.
Pemerintah Indonesia meminta Komite ICSID untuk secara seksama mempelajari bentuk dan nilai jaminan yang ditawarkan tersebut, termasuk dengan mengajukan ahli hukum agraria dari Indonesia sebagai saksi ahli, dan meminta Komite ICSID untuk membatalkan penghentian sementara pelaksanaan putusan Tribunal ICSID.
Akhirnya, melalui perjuangan panjang, pada tanggal 18 Maret 2019 Komite ICSID menegaskan kemenangan Indonesia melalui sebuah putusan yang final dan berkekuatan hukum tetap (Decision on Annulment).
Perlu digarisbawahi bahwa kemenangan ini adalah prestasi luar biasa bagi Pemerintah Indonesia yang dicapai melalui koordinasi, dukungan, dan kerjasama dari instansi-instansi terkait. Hal ini antara lain dengan alasan:
Indonesia terhindar dari klaim sebesar USD1.3 Miliar (sekitar Rp18 Triliun).Dengan penggantian biaya perkara sebesar USD9.4 Juta merupakan yang terbesar yang pernah diputus Tribunal ICSID.Kemenangan ini merupakan kemenangan yang pertama, yang dicapai Pemerintah Indonesia di Forum ICSID di Washington D.C. Amerika Serikat.Bukti bahwa Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara Indonesia merupakan peradilan yang transparan dan berkeadilan, karena sebelumnya Para Penggugat pernah menempuh jalur hukum melalui Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara hingga putusan Kasasi Mahkamah Agung.Bukti bahwa Pemerintah Indonesia membuat perlakuan yang seimbang dan adil terhadap investor asing.Bukti bahwa Pemerintah Indonesia memiliki “kedaulatan” dalam pengelolaan di bidang pertambangan.
Selama 6 tahun terakhir, para Penggugat selalu mempropagandakan secara negatif iklim investasi di Indonesia, dan pada saat yang bersamaan Para Penggugat juga berulangkali melakukan pendekatan kepada Pemerintah Indonesia untuk melakukan perdamaian. Pemerintah Indonesia sangat yakin dengan posisinya dan dengan tegas menolak segala pendekatan dan tawaran-tawaran dari Para Penggugat.
Berdasarkan putusan Tribunal ICSID ini, tidak terdapat satu pun opini dari ketiga Arbiter Internasional yang menyatakan secara tegas adanya kesalahan ataupun penyimpangan yang dilakukan oleh Republik Indonesia.
Pemerintah Indonesia menyambut terbuka, dan akan memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi seluruh investor asing yang hendak menanamkan modalnya di Indonesia.
(Dirjen AHU Kemenkumham/Adit)
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